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一.何時(shí)使用被動語態(tài)

1.不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者或沒有必要

如：Paperismadefromwood.

Thehouseisquiteold.Itwasbuiltin1950.

Hewaswoundedinthefight.

2.需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者時(shí)

如：Calwlatorcan''''tbeusedinthemathsexam.

Booksandnewspapersinthereadingroommustn''''tbetakenaway.

Hewasawardedfirstprizeinthatcontest.

3為了使語氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，避免提及自己或?qū)Ψ蕉褂帽粍诱Z態(tài)，或由于修飾的需要，使用被動語態(tài)，使句子得以更好的安排。

如：Theconstructionofthenewlabmustbecompletedbytheendofnextmonth.

Electricityisusedtorunmachines.

二.被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成

1.be+done可以是被動語態(tài)，也可以是系表結(jié)構(gòu)形式。被動語態(tài)中，done可以帶by短語，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中done相當(dāng)于adj.不帶by短語。

如：Thequestionissettled.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

Suchquestionsaresettledbyus.(被動語態(tài))

Thecompositioniswellwritten.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

Thecompositioniswrittenwithgreatcare.(被動語態(tài))

Thejobwaswelldone.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

Thejobwaswelldonebyaskilledworker.(被動語態(tài))

2.許多verbs(broken,interested,shut,worried),既可以用做adj.也可以在被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)中做過去分詞。句中如果有by，通常是被動語態(tài)。

如：Iwasworriedabeutyouallnight.(表狀態(tài))

Iwasworriedbymosquitoesallnight.(表動作)

TheglasswasbrokenbyJack.(表動作)

Theglassisbroken.(表狀態(tài))

Iwasfrightenedbyhisghoststory.

Shewasfrightenedatthesightofasnake.

三.不同形式的被動語態(tài)

1.含有直賓和間賓的主動結(jié)構(gòu)，變?yōu)楸粍訒r(shí)，可將其中一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個(gè)不動一般是主語結(jié)構(gòu)的間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍拥闹髡Z。

如：Heshowedmehispictures.

Iwasshownhispicturesbyhim.

Hispictureswereshowntomebyhim.

Auntmademeanewdress.

Iwasmadeanewdressbyaunt.

Anewdresswasmadeformebyaunt.

Hesentmeabirthdaypresent.

Iwassentabirthdaypresentbyhim.

Abirthdaypresentwassenttomebyhim.

2含有復(fù)合賓語的主動句，賓補(bǔ)不變。

（1）將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，賓補(bǔ)不變。

如：TheycallherXiaoLi.SheiscalledXiaoLi.

Heleftthedooropen.Thedoorwarleftopenbyhim.

（2）make,let,have,hear,watch,see,feel,notice.help既動詞后變做賓補(bǔ)的不定式一般不加to，變?yōu)楸粍樱仨毤觮o.

如：MybrotheroftenmademedothisandthatwhenIwasyoung.

IwasoftenmadetodothisandthatbymybrotherwhenIyoung.

Iheardhermoveaboutinherroomupstairslastnight.

Shewasheardtomoveaboutinherroomuptairslastnight.

DidyouseeJacktakeawaythemagazine?

WasJackseentotakeawaythemagazine?

3.情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)。是由情態(tài)V+be+p.p.構(gòu)成

如：Theycannotfindhim.

Hecannotbefound.

Youmustpaymeforthis.

Imustbepaidforthis.

Hecanrepairyourwatch.

Yourwatchcanberepaired.

4.短語V的被動語態(tài)

一般來講，只有及物V才有被動語態(tài)，因?yàn)橹挥衯t才能有動作的承受者;但有許多由不及物動詞+介詞及其他詞類構(gòu)成的短語動詞，相當(dāng)與及物動詞，可以有賓語。因而可以有被動語態(tài)，但應(yīng)注意短語V是一個(gè)不可分割的整體。變被動時(shí)，不可丟掉構(gòu)成短語的prep或adv.這樣的短語有：lookafter,listento,lookat,payattentionto,takecareof,lookforwardto,makeuesof,etc.

如：Theyhadputoutthefirebeforethefire--brigadearrived.

Thefirehadbeenputoutbeforethefire-brigadearrived.

Theywillsetupanewpublicschoolhere.

Anewpublicschoolwillbesetuphere.

5.有些動詞用主動形式表被動含義。.

如：Thegoodssellswell.Thedoorcan''''topen.

6.有些詞如want,need,require和beworth后面，v-ing形式為主動，意義為被動。

如：Theroomneeds/wants/requirescleaning.

Thebookisworthreading.

7.主動語態(tài)中的賓語是從句，變成被動時(shí)使用形式替代詞it.

如：WeknowthatBritainisanislandcountry.

It''''sknownthatBritainisanislandcountry.

Theteachersaidthatthisbookhasbeentranslatedintoseverallanguages

It''''ssaidthatthisbookhasbeenfranslatedintoseverallanguages

8.賓語為反身代詞，相互代詞及虛詞it時(shí)，不用被動，只用主動。

如：Iwilldoitmyself.ThemanintroducedhimselfasMr.Wang.

9.謂語動詞是以下時(shí)，無被動。

happen,belongto,suit,fit(適合),have,let,join,fall,last（延長）,cost（花費(fèi)）

breakout（爆發(fā)）appear,burstout(迸發(fā))，hold(容納)，lack（缺乏），agreewith（同意）.

10.據(jù)說類動詞：say,consider,think,report,know,believe,suggest,understand,hope,etc.

如：Itissaidthat…Thereissaidtobe…Sth./Sb.issaidto…

11.主動形式表被動

①感官動詞：sound,taste,smell,fell,look,seem等主語是物時(shí)；

②一些vi主動形式表被動含義open,close,shut,read,write,translate,wash,clean,lock,sell,wear,cut,cook,eat,weigh,drink,pay,draw,etc.

③不定式toblame,tolet（出租）作表語時(shí)，主動形式表被動含義

④表（sth）需要的need,want,require等后的動名詞用主動形式表被動含義

⑤beworth后的動名詞主動形式表被動含義